- Increase in population, meaning decrease in resources and industrial fuels (wood and charcoal)
- Industrial Rev. is the human response to the dilemma of nonrenewable fossil fuel
- Extraction of the mining changed the landscape of many places, and increased pollution
- Marked a new point in technology (spinning jenny, power loom, steam engine or cotton gin)
- Greatest breakthrough was coal-fired steam engine
- Later in 19th century, there was a second Industrial Rev. focusing on chemicals
- Agriculture was heavily affected by all the chemicals in the environment
Why Europe?
- Islamic world generated major advances in ship building
- India was the worlds center of cotton textile production
- Rapid spread of industrial techniques over so many parts of the world
- Industrial Rev erupted quickly and unexpectedly between 1750 and 1850
- Europe had a desperate need for revenue due to absence of tax-collecting, made and unusual alliance with their merchant class
- Government founded scientific societies and offered prizes to promote innovation
- European merchants and innovators gained an unusual degree
- Asia is home to the richest and the most sophisticated societies
Why Britain?
- Industrial Revolution began in Britain
- British political life encouraged commercialization and economic innovations
- Country had a large supply of coal and iron
The First Industrial Society:
- Railroads passed through Britain and much of Europe
- Many people affected in a negative way
The British Aristocracy:
- Land owning aristocrats were not affected during the Industrial Revolution, they continued to dominate English Parliament
- High tariffs on foreign agriculture imports were abolished
The Middle Classes:
- Benefited the most form industrialization (Doctors, Lawyers, Engineers, Teachers, Journalist)
- Liberals favoring constitutional government, private property, free trade and social reforms
- Middle- Class women were housewives seen as moral centers of family life
- Women not allowed to work for profit
- Children removed form productive labor and sent to school leading to an educated workforce
- Rise in lower middle class (clerks, salespeople, bank tellers, police officers, hotel staff)
- Men and Women got new employment opportunities which allowed the m to join get middle class
The Laboring Classes:
- 70% or more of the population were known as "the rest" which were manual workers
- By 1851 a majority of the Britain population lived in towns and cities
- Cities were crowded, smokey, and unsanitary
- Industrialist favored girls and young unmarried women because they accepted lower wages
- Women of the laboring classes engaged in industrial work and as servants
Social Protest:
- A variety of "friendly societies" were made
- Working-class would pay dues to a self-help group as insurance against sickness, funeral, etc.
- Trade unions legalized in 1824, factory workers joined unions for better wages & conditions
- Socialist ideas spread in working class, challenging the capitalist society
- Socialist established political parties all over Europe
- Middle and Lower class consisted of 30% of the population
- Middle class forming a sense of nationalism, bounding workers to their middle class employers
Europeans in Motion
- Between 1815-1939, 20% of Europe's population (50-55 million) moved to the Americas, New Zealand, South Africa
- Enormous demand for labor overseas, availability of land and cheap transportation
- About 7 million people returned to Europe
- U.S. was the most diverse, about 30 mil newcomers from Europe between 1820 and 1930
- U.S. had affordable land and a lot more industrial jobs
The U.S. Industrialization without Socialism:
- American Industrialization began in textile factories in New England
- Produced 36% of the worlds manufactured goods
- U.S. Steel Corporation by 1901 had an annual budge 3 times the size of the federal gov.
- Pioneered techniques for mass production
- In 1890's small farmers or "populist" railed against the abuse of capitalist industrialization (Banks, Industrializations, Monopolies and existing money systems)
Russia Industrialization and Revolution:
- Beginning of 20th century Russia lacked national parliament, political parties, and elections
- Until 1861 most Russians were still peasants, this was their in which they were freed
- 1890's Russia's Revolution launched
- Growing middle-class of businessmen and professionals
- Until 1897 13hr working days were common
- 1898 created an illegal Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party concerned with workers education, union organizing and revolutionary actions
- 1914: 40% of entire work industrial work force went out on strike
- Only in Russian was industrialization associated with violent social revolution
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